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Chapter 13 Resources

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• Supernovae - what makes a star blow up?
• Supernova - in-depth information.
• Exploring the Invisible Universe: Chandra X-ray Observatory - many spectacular images.
• Supernova Remnants and Planetary Nebulae - NASA's page dedicated to images of supernovae.
• Supernovae - wonderful question and answer page.

• How Does a Fresnel Lens Work? - a clear explanation.
• Fresnel Lens - an encyclopedia of information.
• Fresnel Lens - optical explanation.

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• Tour the Spectrum - go on your own journey throught the electromagnetic spectrum!
• Electromagnetic Spectrum - an introduction to the spectrum. Part of the excellent Imagine the Universe site.
• Electromagnetic Spectrum - an encyclopedia of information.
• The Electromagnetic Spectrum - make sure you click on the spectrum for more details.

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If you want entertaining and fascinating science information, Scientific Explorer is the place to start.

• Dual Nature of Matter and Light - a timeline of sorts that notes important milestones.
• Thomas Young - the man and his work.
• Double-slit Experiment - fascinating reading.
• Classic Two-Slit Experiment - simplistic explanation, but worth the visit just for the simulator!
• Young's Double Slit Experiment - use this applet to change the slit distance, screen distance, and wavelength.

• Quantum - a very good overview of the work leading to quantum theory.
• Einstein on the Photoelectric Effect - a very illuminating essay.
• Max Planck - all about the man.

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If you want entertaining and fascinating science information, Scientific Explorer is the place to start.

Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory - how can this be represented visually?

• Electromagnetic Radiation - a beautiful animation that allows you to manipulate several variables.
• Basic Electromagnetic Wave Properties - another good animation, this time two-dimensional.
• Propagation of Electromagnetic Wave - a beautiful representation.
• Electromagnetic Wave - yet another representation of EMR.
• James Clerk Maxwell - no animations here, but it seems appropriate to honour Maxwell by learning a bit more about his life. Also describes the original Maxwell prediction.

• Heinrich Rudolf Hertz - see the section on electromagnetic research, it's very good.
• Heinrich Rudolf Hertz - wow, what an amazing testament to the life of Hertz.

• Guglielmo Marconi - check out the section on transatlantic transmissions. See also the Invention of Radio.
• How Radio Works - when you're ready for the full story!
• Guglielmo Marconi: Radio Star - a wonderful essay.

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• Measuring the Speed of Light - a nice simple overview.
• The Speed of Light - offers more detail in the history of speed of light experiments.
• Speed of Light - you want detail? Here it is!
• Speed of Light - and last but not least, the most detailed treatment of all! Good diagrams too.

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• Reflection and Its Importance - this lesson has multiple sections, make sure you visit them all.
• Image Formation in Plane Mirrors - again, multiple lessons, and they are all very good.
• Reflection of Light - wonderful tutorial that includes an interactive tutorial.

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Digital Lessons are courtesy of the non-profit website ScienceMan.com.

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• Concave Mirrors - this lesson has multiple sections, make sure you visit them all.
• Convex Mirrors - again, multiple lessons, and they are all very good.
• Mirror Ray Tracing - clearly explains the proper technique.

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• Concave Spherical Mirrors - also includes an explanatory tutorial. Make sure you try the 3D version too!
• Convex Spherical Mirrors - also includes an explanatory tutorial. Make sure you try the 3D version too!
• Thin Lens (converging/diverging lens/mirrors) - this applet is not flashy, but works quite well.
• Virtual Optics Bench - a bit tough to control, but still works well.

• Mirage Mirror - that little pig will drive you nuts!
• Parabolas - make your own mirage.
• Parabolic Reflector - interesting details about these mirrors and their uses.
• Fire from a Can of Coke and a Chocolate Bar - lost in the woods? No worries if you have your coke and toblerone!

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• Refraction of Light - has an impressive refraction simulator.
• Light, Prisms, and the Rainbow Connection - a really fun refraction activity.
• Refraction of Light - practically a whole course on the subject; give yourself some time, don't miss any of the interesting reading.
• Reflection and Refraction - changing the indices is what makes this an interesting refraction simulator.
• Refraction and Snell's Law - fantastic page with good animations and a simulator too.
• The Mathematics of Refraction - a complete tutorial, note that this is part of a series of lessons you can explore along the left hand side of the page, all of them are excellent.
• How Mirages Work - refraction causes some neat mirages.

Digital Lessons are courtesy of the non-profit website ScienceMan.com.

Digital Lessons are courtesy of the non-profit website ScienceMan.com.

• How Fiber Optics Work - excellent set of pages, describes many applications.
• Optical Fiber - a fascinating read.
• History of Fiber Optics - very good reading.

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Digital Lessons are courtesy of the non-profit website ScienceMan.com.

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• Geometrical Construction of Ray Diagrams - wow, this simulator also displays the mathematics of the optics as well.
• Image Formation by Lenses - a very well written tutorial, make sure you visit all parts of the lesson.
• Ray Diagrams for Lenses - very concisely written, a good reference.

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• Geometric Optics - find out how lenses form images.

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Digital Lessons are courtesy of the non-profit website ScienceMan.com.

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• How Telescopes Work - a huge reference that leaves no stone unturned.
• History of Telescopes - complex and fascinating history.

Huygens' Principle - understanding wave fronts and diffraction:

• Huygens-Fresnel Principle - excellent diagrams on this page.
• Diffraction - animations are helpful here.
• Wave Propagation and Huygens' Principle - only animations, but really helps you visualize the wave fronts.

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• Diffraction and Interference - complete descriptions with links to applets.
• Interference and Diffraction Patterns - excellent diagrams in this detailed explanation.
• Thomas Young's Double Slit Experiment - a spectacular interactive demonstration.
• Mathematics of Two-Point Source Interference - ready for some testing? See if you know your interference mathematics.
• Double-slit Experiment - nice diagrams in this explanation.
• Two Point Source Interference - a huge, well-written tutorial.

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• Atmospheric Diffraction - gorgeous colours of the sunrise.
• Diffraction Phenomena - a beautiful gallery on this page.

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• Polarization - an easy to understand introduction to polarization.
• Polarization - proof of the wave characteristics of light in this excellent tutorial.
• Polarization - the ultimate coverage of polarization and related concepts.
• Polarization - an encyclopedia of information.
• Polarized Light in Nature and Technology - lots of great examples.

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Chapter 14 Resources

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• Color Temperature - describing the colour of visible light.
• What Colour is the Sun? - a guide to blackbody radiation.
• Blackbody Radiation - explore many concepts associated with blackbody radiation.
• Black Body - a very good summary.
• Black Body Radiation Curve - a simple applet that illustrates the blackbody radiation curve. If you don't like that one, here's another!

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• Blackbody Spectrum - adjust the temperature to see the spectrum change.

Planck's Hypothesis - explaining the blackbody radiation curve:

• Planck's Hypothesis - discussion and biography.
• Planck's Hypothesis - the short and sweet of it.

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• Photoelectric Effect - recreate this amazing experiment.

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• The Photoelectric Effect - an introduction.
• Photoelectric Effect - history, explanation, uses and effects.
• Applet: Photo Effect - try the experiment for yourself!
• Photoelectric Effect - an extensive page that has great diagrams, well worth the read.

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• Compton Scattering - excellent explanation of the experimental setup.
• Compton Effect - very neat animation.

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• Wave–Particle Duality - history, theory, and much more.
• Wave-Particle Duality - a good site that puts this in context with the photoelectric effect with diagrams.
• The Wave Nature of Matter - puts it all together quite nicely.
• Wave Nature of Electron - nicely describes Louis DeBroglie's historic contribution.
• Louis de Broglie - a very nice biography.

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• Virtual SEM Lab - operate your own scanning electron microscope! Downloadable for Mac OS X or Windows. Enjoy!
• Atomic Force Microscopy - a bit complicated, but powerful machine.
• Atomic Force Microscopy - explains all the details, take your time reading!
• Transmission Electron Microscopy - excellent article, explains TEM thoroughly.
• Scanning Electron Microscope - excellent article, explains SEM thoroughly.
• Scanning Electron Microscope - great gallery, and has movies to explain the function of the SEM.
• Virtual Scanning Electron Microscopy - nice little java SEM simulator.

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Relativistic Wavelength of an Electron - investigate the concept of the relativistic wavelength of an electron.

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• Uncertainty Principle - interesting reading.
• The Uncertainty Principle - wonderful historical reading.
• The Uncertainty Principle - a short but clear treatment.
• Does God Play Dice? - Einstein did not like the randomness at the heart of quantum theory.  Four theorists outline their views on the current status of quantum theory and the way forward.

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Quantum Indeterminacy - exactly where is that particle?

• Quantum Indeterminacy - an apparently necessary incompleteness.
• Schrödinger's Cat - with links to the uncertainty principle, indeterminacy and particle-wave duality.
• Schrödinger's Cat - no cats were harmed in this thought experiment!

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